Globalization and jia feng international logistics in lead times
Click： Time：2021-06-09 13:57:20
在中国长江三角洲南通郊外的道
路两旁，纺织企业密集排列。这些企业之所以落户这个城市，主要原因是靠近大海。这里处在全球最繁忙的集装箱港口上海港的内陆。
此外，一旦欧洲的趋势或北美的气候突然发生变化，导致一家工厂的产品需求发生变化，那么客户也可以选择要求用卡车将货物发运至上海的机场，将货物装上
飞机，通过空运发往需要的地方。
与此同时，在南通东北一千多公里之外的沈阳，德国汽车制造商宝马公司(BMW)经营的一座汽车配件工厂，对自己的供应链采取了完全不同的做法。每过24小时，就会有一列始发于宝马莱比锡工厂的集装箱列车，在用23天时间行驶1.1万公里后抵达
这里。
南通和沈阳与发达经济体之间的物流，为如何编织全球供应链这个看似简单的问题展现了一系列解决方案。
受到去年日本发生的地震和海啸灾难，以及全球经济放缓的影响，世界各地许多企业开始反思自己采用的物流方式，以求进一步降低运营受到的扰乱。然而即使对一所工厂，单一模式也不是一直适用的。
总部位于阿姆斯特丹的基华
物流(Ceva Logistics)首席运营官布鲁诺·西德勒(Bruno Sidler)表示，尽管如此，核心的问题仍然很简单。某些货
物的价值极高，为了减少库存以降低成本，值得支出可观的费用使用空运，而其他所有远程运输几乎都走海路。
“查看统计数据就会发现，约有2%到3%的全球贸易使用空运，可是这些贸易的总价值却占全球贸易的40%。”西德勒说，“如果货物足够昂贵，资本成本过高，不适宜海运的话，就会选择空运。”
莱比锡至沈阳的列车线路
由德国铁路(Deutsche Bahn)下属的铁路物流企业德铁信可(DB Schenker Rail)经营。这条线路的运营历史显示了企业在选择运输方式时，会如何权衡各种运输方式的利弊。
德铁信可CEO亚历山大·海德里希(Alexander Hedderich)表示，这项运输服务的吸引力在于它远比空运便宜，而速度大约是海运的两倍。
但目前的运输服务是德铁第二次在中国和欧洲之间提供铁路运输。第一次每周一班的服务在2010年刚运营了六周后便停止了，原因在于其他运输手段突然变得便宜了。
金融危机爆发后，海运费用暴跌90%，这促使客户重新权衡铁路较短的运输时间与海运微不足道的成本。
海德里希说：“铁路货运很容易受到这种波动的影响。”
然而，物流咨询师艾伦·布莱斯威特(Alan Braithwaite)指出，除了货物价值和运输成本的简单计算外，出乎意料的时间压力往往是迫使企业选择空运的一个决定性因素。
不过，有些情况下可靠性可能同时压倒成本和速度。集装箱班轮企业一般都会宣称，与其说客户看重以最快速度送达，不如说他们更重视准确了解货物会在什么时间抵达某个港口。
许多欧洲的远程货运仍然在继续使用比较昂贵的公路，而不是性价比更高的铁路。
德铁信可高管阿兰·托维特(Alain Thauvette)解释道，各国铁路公司在协调上的问题意味着，如果铁路网经营者拒绝在自己的时刻表上为邻国驶来的列车安排空档，那么边境上的短暂耽搁，很快就可能造成长达24小时的严重滞留。
不过就目前来说，许多货主的首要担忧可能是避免像2010年10月那样持有过多库存，当时许多商品的全球需求突然崩溃。
那让许多货主在去年年中时，削减了空运货物的数量，转而通过海路运输货物。从亚洲到欧洲的关键海运航线的货运量相应下降，则直到去年10月才出现。
而货主也会经常被迫求助于空运服务商，以便向商店或制造厂发运紧俏产品或者关键零部件。
西德勒指出：“我们肯定观察到了紧急服务数量的增加。”
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Website：www.conquestlogistics.cn
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E-mail：info@conquestlogistics.com
Website：www.conquestlogistics.cn
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